ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the scrotal thermographic profile and to verify the influence of temperature and humidity of the humid tropical climate on testicular temperature and seminal quality of Mangalarga Marchador stallions. The thermal profiles of the proximal, middle, and distal zones of the testicles and total surface temperature (TSTT) were recorded using an FLIR E60bx thermal imager. The average air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were obtained 1, 5, 9, 33, and 66 days before semen collection and showed a mean value of 26.5±2.4 and 80.4±6.0 respectively. The scrotal surface temperature was close to 34°C and there was no variation with the age of the stallion, reproductive activity, and characteristics of the ejaculate (P>0.05). The only significant correlations obtained were between TSTT and minor defects (R = 0.41; P<0.05), between TSTT and total defects (R = 0.46; P<0.01), and between TSTT and percentage of morphologically normal sperm (R = -0.46; P<0.05). It was concluded that the Mangalarga Marchador stallions maintained the testicular temperature within favorable conditions for spermatogenesis, demonstrating the efficiency of testicular thermoregulation mechanisms in the Atlantic Forest biome.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o perfil termográfico escrotal e verificar a influência da temperatura e da umidade do clima tropical úmido na temperatura testicular e na qualidade seminal de garanhões Mangalarga Marchador. Os perfis térmicos das zonas proximal, média e distal dos testículos e a temperatura da superfície total (TSTT) foram registrados usando-se um termovisor FLIR E60bx. A temperatura média do ar (° C) e a umidade relativa (%) foram obtidas um, cinco, nove, 33 e 66 dias antes da coleta de sêmen e apresentaram valor médio de 26,5 ± 2,4 e 80,4 ± 6,0, respectivamente. A temperatura da superfície escrotal foi próxima a 34°C, e não houve variação com a idade do garanhão, a atividade reprodutiva e as características do ejaculado (P>0,05). As únicas correlações significativas obtidas foram entre TSTT e defeitos menores (R=0,41; P<0,05), entre TSTT e defeitos totais (R=0,46; P<0,01), e entre TSTT e porcentagem de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais (R=-0,46; P<0,05). Concluiu-se que os garanhões Mangalarga Marchador mantiveram a temperatura testicular dentro de condições favoráveis para a espermatogênese, demonstrando a eficiência dos mecanismos de termorregulação testicular no bioma Mata Atlântica.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Spermatogenesis/radiation effects , Temperature , Testis , Body Temperature Regulation , Semen Analysis/veterinary , Horses/physiology , Humidity/adverse effects , Semen , Tropical Climate/adverse effects , Thermography/veterinaryABSTRACT
Immersion enthalpies were determined for aqueous solutions of phenol, acetaminophen and water on three different carbons that differed in terms of oxygen groups on the surface. The intensity of the energy interaction between these compounds and the activated carbons was determined. The activated carbons had similar values for surface area and micropore volume, i.e. approximately 850 m².g-1 and 0.35 cm³.g-1, respectively, but differed in the content of surface chemical groups that interacted with the solutes in aqueous solution. The values obtained for the enthalpies of immersion of activated carbon in water were between -32 and -66 J.g-1. The enthalpies of immersion of activated carbon for acetaminophen and phenol solutions with concentrations between 100 mg.L-1 and 10 mg.L-1 were between -18 and -157 J.g-1, indicating greater interaction between the two solutes and activated carbons with a high surface content of reduced chemical groups.
Se determinan las entalpías de inmersión en soluciones acuosas de fenol y acetaminofén y en agua de tres carbones activados que difieren en el contenido de grupos oxigenados superficiales con el propósito de conocer la intensidad de las interacciones energéticas entre los compuestos y los carbones activados. Los carbones activados presentan valores de área superficial y volúmenes de microporo similares, alrededor de 850 m².g-1 y 0,35 cm³.g-1, respectivamente, y difieren en el contenido de grupos químicos superficiales que son los que interactúan con los solutos que se encuentran en solución acuosa. Los valores obtenidos para las entalpías de inmersión de los carbones activados en agua están entre -32 y -66 J.g-1. Las entalpías de inmersión de los carbones activados en las soluciones de 100 mg.L-1 y 10 mg.mL-1 de fenol y acetaminofén se encuentran entre -18 y -157 J.g-1, que indican una mayor interacción para los dos solutos con el carbón activado que tiene mayor contenido de grupos básicos superficiales.